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Chapter 10: Electrostatics Chapter 10: Electrostatics Formulas: Coulomb's Law, Electric Field, Electric Potential, Capacitance Introduction Electrostatics is the study of stationary electric charges or charges at rest. This chapter covers fundamental concepts of electric forces, electric fields, and electric potential, along with key principles such as Coulomb's law and capacitance. 1. Electric Charge Definition: Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electric or magnetic field. Charges are of two types: positive and negative. Unit: Coulomb (C) Law of conservation of charge states that the total charge in a closed system remains constant. 2. Coulomb's Law Definition: Coulomb's law describes the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges. Formula: F = k * (|q1 * q2| / r^

Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods - Solutions Chapter 2: Mathematical Methods - Solutions 1. Choose the correct option. i) The resultant of two forces 10 N and 15 N acting along + x and - x-axes respectively, is Correct Option: (C) 5 N along + x-axis ii) For two vectors to be equal, they should have the Correct Option: (C) same magnitude and direction iii) The magnitude of scalar product of two unit vectors perpendicular to each other is Correct Option: (A) zero iv) The magnitude of vector product of two unit vectors making an angle of 60° with each other is Correct Option: (A) 1 v) If AB, C are three vectors, then which of the following is not correct? Correct Option: (C) A B B A 2. Answer the following questions. i) Show that a = i - j is a unit vector. Magnitude: |a| = √(1² + (-1)²) = √2. Since |a| = 1, it is a unit vector. ii) If v 1 = 3i + 4j + k and v 2 = i - j - k, dete

Chapter 9: Optics Chapter 9: Optics Formulas: Reflection, Refraction, Snell's Law, Mirror and Lens Formula, Magnification Introduction Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of light, its behavior, and its interaction with different materials. This chapter covers reflection, refraction, and the applications of mirrors and lenses. 1. Nature of Light Definition: Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels in a straight line and can exhibit wave-like and particle-like properties (wave-particle duality). The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 3 x 10 8 m/s. Light travels slower in mediums like water, glass, and other transparent materials compared to a vacuum. 2. Reflection of Light Definition: Reflection is the phenomenon where light bounces off a surface. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Law of Reflection: ∠i

Chapter 8: Sound Chapter 8: Sound Formulas: Speed of Sound, Wavelength, Frequency, Amplitude, Wave Equation Introduction Sound is a form of energy that travels as waves through different media, such as air, water, or solids. This chapter covers the properties of sound, its transmission, and various characteristics including frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. 1. Nature of Sound Waves Definition: Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium for propagation. It is produced by vibrating objects, and the vibration of particles within a medium enables sound to travel. Sound waves are longitudinal waves in which particle displacement is parallel to wave propagation. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, as it requires a medium with particles. 2. Speed of Sound Definition: The speed of sound depends on the medium through which it travels and is faster in solids than in liquids or ga

Chapter 7: Thermal Properties of Matter Chapter 7: Thermal Properties of Matter Formulas: Heat, Temperature, Specific Heat Capacity, Latent Heat, Thermal Conductivity Introduction This chapter focuses on the thermal properties of matter, which include the way substances respond to changes in temperature and heat. The key concepts include heat transfer, the behavior of materials under heat, and the laws governing these changes. 1. Heat and Temperature Definition: Heat is the form of energy transferred between two bodies at different temperatures. It is measured in joules (J). Formula: Q = m × c × ΔT , where Q is the heat transferred, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. It is measured in degrees Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), or Fahrenheit (°F). 2.

Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Solids Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Solids Formulas: Stress, Strain, Hooke’s Law, Young’s Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Shear Modulus Introduction This chapter explores the mechanical behavior of solid materials when subjected to different types of forces. The study of the mechanical properties of solids includes concepts like stress, strain, and elastic behavior, governed by Hooke's Law. These properties are essential for understanding how materials deform under force and how they return to their original shape when the force is removed. 1. Stress and Strain Definition: Stress is the internal restoring force per unit area that develops within a material when an external force is applied. It is measured in Pascals (Pa). Formula: Stress (σ) = Force (F) / Area (A) Strain is the relative change in the shape or size of a material as a response to stress. It is a dime